Andrea Britton
Andrea Britton is a senior post-doctoral research scientist in the Ecological Sciences Group.
Current research interests
Andrea's primary interests lie in the biodiversity and functioning of upland and especially alpine ecosystems, and the changes occuring in these ecosystems as a result of human influences including pollutant (nitrogen and sulphur) deposition and climate change.
Recent projects have included:
- Using long-term re-survey approaches to quantify change in Scottish upland and mountain plant communities and the role of climate change, pollution and grazing impacts in driving change.
- A long-term experimental study of the impact of nitrogen addition, climate change, grazing and burning on the vegetation and biogeochemistry of alpine Calluna heath (the Culardoch study).
- A UK wide study of the impacts of nitrogen deposition on above and below ground biodiversity and carbon and nitrogen cycling in alpine Racomitrium (moss) heath.
- Studies of the potential use of translocation as a tool to conserve populations of alpine lichens in the face of climate change.
Much of Andrea's research is strongly policy relevant or applied, for example contributing to the evidence base underpinning UK air polution policy. Many research projects are carried out in collaboration with government agencies or conservation organisations. Andrea has also supervised a number of PhD students and visiting researchers.
Bibliography
- Britton, A.; Fielding, D.; Pakeman, R. (2023) Nitrogen and climate: A review of the interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and climate change on Scottish semi-natural ecosystems, Zenodo
- Taylor, A.F.S.; Freitag, T.; Robinson, L.; White, D.; Hedley, P.; Britton, A.J. (2022) Nitrogen deposition and temperature structure fungal communities associated with alpine moss-sedge heath in the UK, Fungal Ecology, 60, Art. 101191
- Avolio, M.; Komatsu, K.; Koerner, S.; Grman, E.; Isbell, F.; Johnson, D.; Wilcox, K.; Alatalo, J.; Baldwin, A.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Britton, A.; Foster, B.; Harmens, H.; Kern, C.; Li, W.; McClaren, J.; Reich, P.; Souza, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, Y. (2022) Making sense of multivariate community responses in global change experiments, Ecosphere, 13(10), Art. E4249
- Baggaley, N.; Britton, A.; Sandison, F.; Lilly, A.; Stutter, M.; Rees, R.M.; Reed, M.; Bukingham, S. (2022) Understanding carbon sequestration from nature-based solutions, ClimateXChange Report
- Bobbink, R.; Loran, C.; Tomassen, H.; Aazem, K.; Aherne, J.; Alonso, R.; Ashwood, F.; Augustin, S.; Bak, J.; Bakkestuen, V.; Braun, S.; Britton, A.; Brouwer, E.; Caporn, S.; Chuman, T.; De Wit, H.; De Witte, L.; Dirnböck, T.; Field, C.; García Gómez, H.; Geupel, M.; Velle, L. G.; Hiltbrunner, E.; James, A. C.; Jones, L.; Karlsson, P. E.; Kohli, L.; Manninen, S.; May, L.; Meier, R.; Perring, M.; Prescher, A.; Remke, E.; Roth, T.; Scheuschner, T.; Ssymank, A.; Stevens, C.; Thrane, J.; Tömmervik, H.; Tresch, S.; Ukonmaanaho, L.; Van den Berg, L.; Vanguelova, E.; Wilkins, K.; Zappala, S. (2022) Review and revision of empirical critical loads of nitrogen for Europe, German Environment Agency
- Avolio, M.; Komatsu, K.; Collins, S.; Grman, E.; Koerner, S.; Tredennick, A.; Wilcox, K.; Baer, S.; Boughton, E.; Britton, A.; Foster, B.; Gough, L.; Hovenden, M.; Isbell, F.; Jentsch, A.; Johnson, D.; Knapp, A.; Kreyling, J.; Langley, A.; Lortie, C.; McCulley, R.; McLaren, J.; Reich, P.; Seabloom, E.; Smit, M.; Suding, K.; Suttle, B.; Tognetti, P. (2021) Determinants of plant community compositional change are equally affected by global change., Ecology Letters, 24, 1892-1904.
- Baggaley, N.; Britton, A.; Barnes, A.; Buckingham, S.; Holland, J.; Lilly, A.; Pakeman, R.; Rees, B.; Taylor, A.; Yeluripati, J. (2021) Understanding carbon sequestration in upland habitats, Climate x Change Research Report
- Taylor, A.F.S.; Britton, A.J.; Stockan, J.A. (2021) Conservation translocation for ecosystem restoration., Report to NatureScot.
- Payne, R.J.; Campbell, C.; Stevens, C.J.; Pakeman, R.J.; Ross, L.C.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Jones, L.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.; Edmondson, J.L.; Carnell, E.J.; Tomlinson, S.; Dore, A.; Dragosits, U.; Dise, N. (2020) Disparities between plant community responses to nitrogen deposition and critical loads in UK semi-natural habitats., Atmospheric Environment, 239, Article No. 117478.
- van Paassen, J.G.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Street, L.E.; Johnson, D.; Coupar, A.; Woodin, S.J. (2020) Legacy effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on vegetation and carbon stocks of upland heaths., New Phytologist, 228, 226-237.
- Malanson, G.P.; Virtanen, R.; Britton, A.J.; Jiménez-Alfaro, B.; Qian, H.; Petraglia, A.; Tomaselli, M.; Cooper, D.; Damm, C.; Pemble, R.H.; Brett, R.B. (2020) Hemispheric- and continental- scale patterns of similarity in mountain tundra., Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110, 1005-1021.
- Hester, A.J.; Aguado, S.; Britton, A.J. (2020) Analysing habitat patch size and connectivity at a national level for Scotland - data assessment part 2: HabMoS., James Hutton Institute, 29pp.
- Britton, A.J.; Gibbs, S.; Fisher, J.M.; Helliwell, R.C. (2019) Impacts of nitrogen deposition on carbon and nitrogen cycling in alpine Racomitrium heath and prospects for recovery., Environmental Pollution, 254, 112986.
- Payne, R.J.; Campbell, C.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Pakeman, R.J.; Jones, L.; Ross, L.C.; Stevens C.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.; Edmondson, J.L.; Carnell, E.J.; Tomlinson, S.; Dore, A.J.; Dise, N.; Dragosits, U. (2019) What is the most ecologically-meaningful metric of nitrogen deposition?, Environmental Pollution, 247, 319-331.
- Hester, A.J.; Britton, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Ross, L.; Potts, J. (2019) Long-term vegetation change in Scotland's native forests., Biological Conservation, 235, 136-146.
- Komatsu, K.J.; Avolio, M.L.; Lemoine, N.P.; Isbell, F.; Grman, E.; Houseman, G.R.; Koerner, S.E.; Johnson, D.S.; Wilcox, K.R.; Alatalo, J.M.; Anderson, J.P.; Aerts, R.; Baer, S.G.; Baldwin, A.H.; Bates, J.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Belote, R.T.; Blair, J.; Bloor, J.M.G.; Bohlen, P.J.; Bork, E.W.; Boughton, E.H.; Bowman, W.D.; Britton, A.J.; Cahill, J.F. Jr.; Chaneton, E.; Chiariello, N.R.; Cheng, J.; Collins, S.L.; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Du, G.; Eskelinen, A.; Firn, J.; Foster, B.; Gough, L.; Gross, K.; Hallett, L.M.; Han, X.; Harmens, H.; Hovenden, M.J.; Jagerbrand, A.; Jentsch, A.; Kern, C.; Klanderud, K.; Knapp, A.K.; Kreyling, J.; Li, W.; Luo. Y.; McCulley, R.L.; McLaren, J.R.; Megonigal, J.P.; Morgan, J.W.; Onipchenko, V.; Pennings, S.C.; Prevéy, J.S.; Price, J.N.; Reich, P.B.; Robinson, C.H.; Russell, F.L.; Sala, O.E.; Seabloom, E.W.; Smith, M.D.; Soudzilovskaia, N.A.; Souza, L.; Suding, K.; Suttle, K.B.; Svejcar, T.; Tilman, D.; Tognetti, P.; Turkington, R.; White, S.; Xu, Z.; Yahdjian, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Y. (2019) Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS),116, 17867-17873.
- Artz, R.R.E.; Johnson, S.; Bruneau, P.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Ross, L.; Donaldson-Selby, G.; Donnelly, D.; Aitkenhead, M.J.; Gimona, A.; Poggio, L. (2019) The potential for modelling peatland habitat condition in Scotland using long-term MODIS data., Science of the Total Environment, 660, 429-442.
- Moore, E.K.; Iason, G.R.; Pemberton, J.M.; Bryce, J.; Dayton, N.; Britton, A.J.; Pakeman, R.J. (2018) Habitat impact assessment detects spatially driven patterns of grazing impacts in habitat mosaics but overestimates damage., Journal for Nature Conservation, 45, 20-29.
- Brooker, R.W.; Brewer, M.; Britton, A.J.; Eastwood, A.J.; Ellis, C.; Gimona, A.; Poggio, L.; Genney, D.R. (2018) Tiny niches and translocations: the challenge of identifying suitable recipient sites for small and immobile species., Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 621-630.
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Fisher, J.M.; Riach, D.J.; Taylor, A.F.S. (2018) Nitrogen deposition drives loss of moss cover in alpine moss-sedge heath via lowered C: N ratio and accelerated decomposition., New Phytologist, 218, 470-478.
- Britton, A.J.; Ross, L.C. (2018) Towards the development of a nitrogen deposition decision framework for vegetation assessment in Scotland., Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No.958, 69pp.
- Roberts, D.; Torrance, L.; Stirton, G.; Britton, A.J.; Craig, C.; Kyle, C-A.; Abel, C.; Macaulay, C.; Fielding, D.; Watson, H.; Pohle, I.; Robertson, J.; Maxwell, J.; Irvine, K.; Sutherland, L-A.; Dawson, L.A.; Shepherd, L.; Miller, P.; Ellis, R.; Richards, S.; Blok, V.; Hackett, C.; Kettle, H. (2018) Women in Science., The James Hutton Institute, 25pp.
- Wilcox, K.R.; Tredennick, A.T.; Koerner, S.E.; Grman, E.; Hallett, L.M.; Avolio, M.L.; La Pierre, K.J.; Houseman, G.R.; Isbell, F.; Johnson, D.S.; Alatalo, J.M.; Baldwin, A.H.; Bork, E.W.; Boughton, E.H.; Bowman, W.D.; Britton, A.J.; Cahill, J.F.; Collins, S.L.; Du, G-Z.; Eskelinen, A.; Gough, L.; Jentsch, A.; Kern, C.; Klanderud, K.; Knapp, A.K.; Kreyling, J.; Luo, Y.; McLaren, J.R.; Megonigal, P.; Onipchenko, V.; Prevey, J.; Price, J.N.; Robinson, C.H.; Sala, O.E.; Smith, M.D.; Soudzilovskaia, N.A.; Souza, L.; Tilman, D.; White, S.R.; Xu, Z.; Yahdjian, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Y. (2017) Asynchrony among local communities stabilises ecosystem function of metacommunities., Ecology Letters, 20, 1534-1545.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Britton, A.J.; Brooker, R.W.; Cummins, R.P.; Fielding, D.A.; Fisher, J.M.; Gilbert, D.J.; Hester, A.J.; Hurskainen, S.; Pakeman, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Riach, D. (2017) Forty years of change in Scottish grassland vegetation: increased richness, decreased diversity and increased dominance., Biological Conservation, 212, 327-336.
- Britton, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Mitchell, R.J.; Riach, D . (2017) Pollution and climate change drive long-term change in Scottish wetland vegetation composition., Biological Conservation, 210, 72-79.
- Britton, A.J.; Hester, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Potts, J.M.; Ross, L.C. (2017) Climate, pollution and grazing drive long-term change in moorland habitats., Applied Vegetation Science, 20, 194-203.
- Rowe, E.C.; Jones, L.; Dise, N.B.; Evans, C.D.; Mills, G.; Hall, J.; Stevens, C.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.J.; Sutton, M.; Payne, R.J.; Vieno, M.; Dore, A.J.; Emmett, B.A. (2017) Metrics for evaluating the ecological benefits of decreased nitrogen deposition., Biological Conservation, 212, 454-463.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Urpeth, H.; Britton, A.J.; Taylor, A.R. (2017) Soil microarthropod-plant community relationships in alpine moss- sedge heath., Applied Soil Ecology, 111, 1-8.
- Britton, A.J. (2017) Suitability of large-scale data holdings for analysis of driver impacts on soil properties., Unpublished Report, The James Hutton Institute, September 2017, 11pp.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Urpeth, H.M.; Britton, A.J.; Black, H.I.J.; Taylor, A.R. (2016) Relative importance of local- and large-scale drivers of alpine soil microarthropod communities., Oecologia, 182, 913-924.
- Caporn, S.; Field, C.; Payne, R.; Dise, N.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.; Jones, L.; Phoenix, G.; Power, S.; Sheppard, L.; Stevens, C. (2016) Assessing the effects of small increments of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (above the critical load) on semi-natural habitats of conservation importance., Natural England Commissioned Reports Number 210.
- Hester, A.; Ross, L.; Britton, A. (2016) Drivers of long-term biodiversity change - key Scottish habitats in a European context., In: Irvine, R.J. (ed.) Biodiversity and Upland Management. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Chapter 9, pp20-21.
- Britton, A.; Mitchell, R.; Taylor A. (2016) Cascading effects of nitrogen pollution on biodiversity and ecosystem function in alpine systems., In: Irvine, R.J. (ed.) Biodiversity and Upland Management. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Chapter 10, pp22-23.
- Mitchell, R.; Hewison, R.; Britton, A.; Pakeman, R.J.; Hester, A. (2016) Long-term changes in Scottish grassland plant communities., In: Pakeman, R.J. (ed.). Grassland Biodiversity. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, pp4-5.
- Moore, E.K.; Britton, A.J.; Iason, G.R.; Pemberton, J.M.; Pakeman, R.J. (2015) Landscape-scale vegetation patterns influence small-scale grazing impacts., Biological Conservation, 192, 218-225.
- Jones, L.; Hall, J.; Strachan, I.; Field, C.; Rowe, E.; Stevens, C.J.; Capor, S.J.M.; Mitchell, R.; Britton, A.; Smith, R.; Bealey, B.; Masante, D.; Hewison, R.; Hicks, K. (2015) Developing a decision framework to attribute atmospheric nitrogen deposition as a threat to or cause of unfavourable habitat condition on protected sites 'AND-UP'. Final Report., JNCC Contract Report, February 2015
- Payne, R.J.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Field, C.D.; Carroll, J.A.; Edmondson, J.L.; Britton, A.J.; Dise, N.B. (2014) Heather moorland vegetation and air pollution: a comparison and synthesis of three national gradient studies., Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 225, Article No. 1998.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Woodin, S.J. (2014) The relative importance of nitrogen deposition as a driver of Racomitrium heath species composition and richness across Europe., Biological Conservation, 171, 224-231.
- Field, C.; Dise, N.B.; Payne, R.J.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.A.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hughes, S.; Jones, L.; Lees, S.; Leake, J.R.; Leith, I.D.; Phoenix, G.K.; Power, S.A.; Sheppard, L.J.; Southon, G.E.; Stevens, C.J.; Caporn, S.J.M. (2014) The role of nitrogen deposition in widespread plant community change across semi-natural habitats., Ecosystems, 17, 864-877.
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Genney, D.R. (2014) Developing monitoring protocols for cost-effective surveillance of lichens., The Lichenologist, 46, 471-482.
- Taylor, A.F.S.; Freitag, T.; Robinson, L.; White, D.; Hedley, P.; Britton, A.J. (2022) Nitrogen deposition and temperature structure fungal communities associated with alpine moss-sedge heath in the UK, Fungal Ecology, 60, Art. 101191
- Avolio, M.; Komatsu, K.; Koerner, S.; Grman, E.; Isbell, F.; Johnson, D.; Wilcox, K.; Alatalo, J.; Baldwin, A.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Britton, A.; Foster, B.; Harmens, H.; Kern, C.; Li, W.; McClaren, J.; Reich, P.; Souza, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, Y. (2022) Making sense of multivariate community responses in global change experiments, Ecosphere, 13(10), Art. E4249
- Avolio, M.; Komatsu, K.; Collins, S.; Grman, E.; Koerner, S.; Tredennick, A.; Wilcox, K.; Baer, S.; Boughton, E.; Britton, A.; Foster, B.; Gough, L.; Hovenden, M.; Isbell, F.; Jentsch, A.; Johnson, D.; Knapp, A.; Kreyling, J.; Langley, A.; Lortie, C.; McCulley, R.; McLaren, J.; Reich, P.; Seabloom, E.; Smit, M.; Suding, K.; Suttle, B.; Tognetti, P. (2021) Determinants of plant community compositional change are equally affected by global change., Ecology Letters, 24, 1892-1904.
- Payne, R.J.; Campbell, C.; Stevens, C.J.; Pakeman, R.J.; Ross, L.C.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Jones, L.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.; Edmondson, J.L.; Carnell, E.J.; Tomlinson, S.; Dore, A.; Dragosits, U.; Dise, N. (2020) Disparities between plant community responses to nitrogen deposition and critical loads in UK semi-natural habitats., Atmospheric Environment, 239, Article No. 117478.
- van Paassen, J.G.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Street, L.E.; Johnson, D.; Coupar, A.; Woodin, S.J. (2020) Legacy effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on vegetation and carbon stocks of upland heaths., New Phytologist, 228, 226-237.
- Malanson, G.P.; Virtanen, R.; Britton, A.J.; Jiménez-Alfaro, B.; Qian, H.; Petraglia, A.; Tomaselli, M.; Cooper, D.; Damm, C.; Pemble, R.H.; Brett, R.B. (2020) Hemispheric- and continental- scale patterns of similarity in mountain tundra., Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 110, 1005-1021.
- Britton, A.J.; Gibbs, S.; Fisher, J.M.; Helliwell, R.C. (2019) Impacts of nitrogen deposition on carbon and nitrogen cycling in alpine Racomitrium heath and prospects for recovery., Environmental Pollution, 254, 112986.
- Payne, R.J.; Campbell, C.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Pakeman, R.J.; Jones, L.; Ross, L.C.; Stevens C.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.; Edmondson, J.L.; Carnell, E.J.; Tomlinson, S.; Dore, A.J.; Dise, N.; Dragosits, U. (2019) What is the most ecologically-meaningful metric of nitrogen deposition?, Environmental Pollution, 247, 319-331.
- Hester, A.J.; Britton, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Ross, L.; Potts, J. (2019) Long-term vegetation change in Scotland's native forests., Biological Conservation, 235, 136-146.
- Komatsu, K.J.; Avolio, M.L.; Lemoine, N.P.; Isbell, F.; Grman, E.; Houseman, G.R.; Koerner, S.E.; Johnson, D.S.; Wilcox, K.R.; Alatalo, J.M.; Anderson, J.P.; Aerts, R.; Baer, S.G.; Baldwin, A.H.; Bates, J.; Beierkuhnlein, C.; Belote, R.T.; Blair, J.; Bloor, J.M.G.; Bohlen, P.J.; Bork, E.W.; Boughton, E.H.; Bowman, W.D.; Britton, A.J.; Cahill, J.F. Jr.; Chaneton, E.; Chiariello, N.R.; Cheng, J.; Collins, S.L.; Cornelissen, J.H.C.; Du, G.; Eskelinen, A.; Firn, J.; Foster, B.; Gough, L.; Gross, K.; Hallett, L.M.; Han, X.; Harmens, H.; Hovenden, M.J.; Jagerbrand, A.; Jentsch, A.; Kern, C.; Klanderud, K.; Knapp, A.K.; Kreyling, J.; Li, W.; Luo. Y.; McCulley, R.L.; McLaren, J.R.; Megonigal, J.P.; Morgan, J.W.; Onipchenko, V.; Pennings, S.C.; Prevéy, J.S.; Price, J.N.; Reich, P.B.; Robinson, C.H.; Russell, F.L.; Sala, O.E.; Seabloom, E.W.; Smith, M.D.; Soudzilovskaia, N.A.; Souza, L.; Suding, K.; Suttle, K.B.; Svejcar, T.; Tilman, D.; Tognetti, P.; Turkington, R.; White, S.; Xu, Z.; Yahdjian, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Y. (2019) Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS),116, 17867-17873.
- Artz, R.R.E.; Johnson, S.; Bruneau, P.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Ross, L.; Donaldson-Selby, G.; Donnelly, D.; Aitkenhead, M.J.; Gimona, A.; Poggio, L. (2019) The potential for modelling peatland habitat condition in Scotland using long-term MODIS data., Science of the Total Environment, 660, 429-442.
- Moore, E.K.; Iason, G.R.; Pemberton, J.M.; Bryce, J.; Dayton, N.; Britton, A.J.; Pakeman, R.J. (2018) Habitat impact assessment detects spatially driven patterns of grazing impacts in habitat mosaics but overestimates damage., Journal for Nature Conservation, 45, 20-29.
- Brooker, R.W.; Brewer, M.; Britton, A.J.; Eastwood, A.J.; Ellis, C.; Gimona, A.; Poggio, L.; Genney, D.R. (2018) Tiny niches and translocations: the challenge of identifying suitable recipient sites for small and immobile species., Journal of Applied Ecology, 55, 621-630.
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Fisher, J.M.; Riach, D.J.; Taylor, A.F.S. (2018) Nitrogen deposition drives loss of moss cover in alpine moss-sedge heath via lowered C: N ratio and accelerated decomposition., New Phytologist, 218, 470-478.
- Wilcox, K.R.; Tredennick, A.T.; Koerner, S.E.; Grman, E.; Hallett, L.M.; Avolio, M.L.; La Pierre, K.J.; Houseman, G.R.; Isbell, F.; Johnson, D.S.; Alatalo, J.M.; Baldwin, A.H.; Bork, E.W.; Boughton, E.H.; Bowman, W.D.; Britton, A.J.; Cahill, J.F.; Collins, S.L.; Du, G-Z.; Eskelinen, A.; Gough, L.; Jentsch, A.; Kern, C.; Klanderud, K.; Knapp, A.K.; Kreyling, J.; Luo, Y.; McLaren, J.R.; Megonigal, P.; Onipchenko, V.; Prevey, J.; Price, J.N.; Robinson, C.H.; Sala, O.E.; Smith, M.D.; Soudzilovskaia, N.A.; Souza, L.; Tilman, D.; White, S.R.; Xu, Z.; Yahdjian, L.; Yu, Q.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Y. (2017) Asynchrony among local communities stabilises ecosystem function of metacommunities., Ecology Letters, 20, 1534-1545.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Britton, A.J.; Brooker, R.W.; Cummins, R.P.; Fielding, D.A.; Fisher, J.M.; Gilbert, D.J.; Hester, A.J.; Hurskainen, S.; Pakeman, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Riach, D. (2017) Forty years of change in Scottish grassland vegetation: increased richness, decreased diversity and increased dominance., Biological Conservation, 212, 327-336.
- Britton, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Mitchell, R.J.; Riach, D . (2017) Pollution and climate change drive long-term change in Scottish wetland vegetation composition., Biological Conservation, 210, 72-79.
- Britton, A.J.; Hester, A.J.; Hewison, R.L.; Potts, J.M.; Ross, L.C. (2017) Climate, pollution and grazing drive long-term change in moorland habitats., Applied Vegetation Science, 20, 194-203.
- Rowe, E.C.; Jones, L.; Dise, N.B.; Evans, C.D.; Mills, G.; Hall, J.; Stevens, C.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.J.; Sutton, M.; Payne, R.J.; Vieno, M.; Dore, A.J.; Emmett, B.A. (2017) Metrics for evaluating the ecological benefits of decreased nitrogen deposition., Biological Conservation, 212, 454-463.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Urpeth, H.; Britton, A.J.; Taylor, A.R. (2017) Soil microarthropod-plant community relationships in alpine moss- sedge heath., Applied Soil Ecology, 111, 1-8.
- Mitchell, R.J.; Urpeth, H.M.; Britton, A.J.; Black, H.I.J.; Taylor, A.R. (2016) Relative importance of local- and large-scale drivers of alpine soil microarthropod communities., Oecologia, 182, 913-924.
- Moore, E.K.; Britton, A.J.; Iason, G.R.; Pemberton, J.M.; Pakeman, R.J. (2015) Landscape-scale vegetation patterns influence small-scale grazing impacts., Biological Conservation, 192, 218-225.
- Payne, R.J.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Field, C.D.; Carroll, J.A.; Edmondson, J.L.; Britton, A.J.; Dise, N.B. (2014) Heather moorland vegetation and air pollution: a comparison and synthesis of three national gradient studies., Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 225, Article No. 1998.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Woodin, S.J. (2014) The relative importance of nitrogen deposition as a driver of Racomitrium heath species composition and richness across Europe., Biological Conservation, 171, 224-231.
- Field, C.; Dise, N.B.; Payne, R.J.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.A.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hughes, S.; Jones, L.; Lees, S.; Leake, J.R.; Leith, I.D.; Phoenix, G.K.; Power, S.A.; Sheppard, L.J.; Southon, G.E.; Stevens, C.J.; Caporn, S.J.M. (2014) The role of nitrogen deposition in widespread plant community change across semi-natural habitats., Ecosystems, 17, 864-877.
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Genney, D.R. (2014) Developing monitoring protocols for cost-effective surveillance of lichens., The Lichenologist, 46, 471-482.
- Southon, G.E.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Britton, A.J.; Power, S.A. (2013) Nitrogen deposition reduces plant diversity and alters ecosystem functioning: field-scale evidence from a nationwide survey of UK heathlands., PLoS ONE 8, Article No. e59031.
- Jackson-Blake, L.A.; Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.; Gibbs, S.; Coull, M.C.; Dawson, L.A. (2012) Controls on soil solution nitrogen along an altitudinal gradient in the Scottish uplands., Science of the Total Environment, 431, 100-108.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Woodin, S.J. (2012) Grazing exclusion and phosphorus addition as potential local management options for the restoration of alpine moss-sedge heath., Biological Conservation, 153, 17-24.
- Phoenix, G.K.; Emmett, B.A. Britton, A.J.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Dise, N.B.; Helliwell, R.C.; Jones, L.; Leake, J.R.; Leith, I.D.; Sheppard, L.J.; Sowerby, A.; Pilkington, M.G.; Ashmorek, M.R.; Power, S.A. (2012) Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long-term field experiments., Global Change Biology, 18, 1197-1215.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Pearce, S.; Thompson, D.B.A.; Woodin, S.J. (2012) Nitrogen deposition enhances moss growth but leads to an overall decline in habitat condition in mountain moss-sedge heath., Global Change Biology, 18, 290-300.
- Britton, A.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Lilly, A.; Dawson, L.A.; Fisher, J.M.; Coull, M.C.; Ross, J. (2011) An integrated assessment of ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes across an oceanic alpine toposequence., Plant and Soil, 345, 287-302.
- Johnson, D.; Vachon, J.; Britton, A.J.; Helliwell, R.C. (2011) Drought alters carbon fluxes in alpine snowbed ecosystems through contrasting impacts on graminoids and forbs., New Phytologist, 190, 740-749.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; Woodin, S.J.; van der Wal, R. (2011) Assessing the recovery potential of alpine moss-sedge heath: reciprocal transplants along a nitrogen deposition gradient., Environmental Pollution, 159, 140-147.
- Papanikolaou, N.; Britton, A.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Johnson, D. (2010) Nitrogen deposition, vegetation burning and climate warming act independently on microbial community structure and enzyme activity associated with decomposing litter in low-alpine heath., Global Change Biology, 16, 3120-3132.
- Pearce, I.S.K.; Britton, A.J.; Armitage, H.F.; Jones, B. (2010) Additive impacts of nitrogen deposition and grazing on a mountain moss-sedge heath., Botanica Helvetica, 120, 129-137.
- Britton, A.J.; Fisher, J.M. (2010) Terricolous alpine lichens are sensitive to both load and concentration of applied nitrogen and have potential as bioindicators of nitrogen deposition., Environmental Pollution, 158, 1296-1302.
- Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.J.; Gibbs, S.; Fisher, J.M.; Potts, J.M. (2010) Interactive effects of N deposition, land management and weather patterns on soil solution chemistry in a Scottish alpine heath., Ecosystems, 13, 696-711.
- Britton, A.J.; Beale, C.M.; Towers, W.; Hewison, R.L. (2009) Biodiversity gains and losses: evidence for homogenisation of Scottish alpine vegetation., Biological Conservation, 142, 1728-1739.
- Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.J.; Gibbs, S.; Fisher, J.M. (2008) Who put the N in PristiNe? Impacts of nitrogen enrichment in fragile mountain environments., Mountain Research and Development, 28, 210-215.
- Britton, A.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Lilly, A.; Dawson, L.A. (2015) Carbon stocks in oceanic alpine landscapes., In: Romeo, R., Vita, A., Manuelli, S., Zanini, E., Freppaz, M. & Stanchi, S. (eds.). Understanding Mountain Soils: A Contribution from Mountain Areas to the International Year of Soils 2015. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp110-112.
- Moore, E.K.; Britton, A.J.; Iason, G.R.; Pemberton, J.M.; Pakeman, R.J. (2015) Landscape-scale vegetation patterns influence small-scale grazing impacts., Biological Conservation, 192, 218-225.
- Payne, R.J.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Field, C.D.; Carroll, J.A.; Edmondson, J.L.; Britton, A.J.; Dise, N.B. (2014) Heather moorland vegetation and air pollution: a comparison and synthesis of three national gradient studies., Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 225, Article No. 1998.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Woodin, S.J. (2014) The relative importance of nitrogen deposition as a driver of Racomitrium heath species composition and richness across Europe., Biological Conservation, 171, 224-231.
- Field, C.; Dise, N.B.; Payne, R.J.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.A.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hughes, S.; Jones, L.; Lees, S.; Leake, J.R.; Leith, I.D.; Phoenix, G.K.; Power, S.A.; Sheppard, L.J.; Southon, G.E.; Stevens, C.J.; Caporn, S.J.M. (2014) The role of nitrogen deposition in widespread plant community change across semi-natural habitats., Ecosystems, 17, 864-877.
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Genney, D.R. (2014) Developing monitoring protocols for cost-effective surveillance of lichens., The Lichenologist, 46, 471-482.
- Southon, G.E.; Field, C.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Britton, A.J.; Power, S.A. (2013) Nitrogen deposition reduces plant diversity and alters ecosystem functioning: field-scale evidence from a nationwide survey of UK heathlands., PLoS ONE 8, Article No. e59031.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Woodin, S.J. (2012) Grazing exclusion and phosphorus addition as potential local management options for the restoration of alpine moss-sedge heath., Biological Conservation, 153, 17-24.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; van der Wal, R.; Pearce, S.; Thompson, D.B.A.; Woodin, S.J. (2012) Nitrogen deposition enhances moss growth but leads to an overall decline in habitat condition in mountain moss-sedge heath., Global Change Biology, 18, 290-300.
- Armitage, H.F.; Britton, A.J.; Woodin, S.J.; van der Wal, R. (2011) Assessing the recovery potential of alpine moss-sedge heath: reciprocal transplants along a nitrogen deposition gradient., Environmental Pollution, 159, 140-147.
- Britton, A.J.; Fisher, J.M. (2010) Terricolous alpine lichens are sensitive to both load and concentration of applied nitrogen and have potential as bioindicators of nitrogen deposition., Environmental Pollution, 158, 1296-1302.
- Roberts, D.; Torrance, L.; Stirton, G.; Britton, A.J.; Craig, C.; Kyle, C-A.; Abel, C.; Macaulay, C.; Fielding, D.; Watson, H.; Pohle, I.; Robertson, J.; Maxwell, J.; Irvine, K.; Sutherland, L-A.; Dawson, L.A.; Shepherd, L.; Miller, P.; Ellis, R.; Richards, S.; Blok, V.; Hackett, C.; Kettle, H. (2018) Women in Science., The James Hutton Institute, 25pp.
- Hester, A.; Ross, L.; Britton, A. (2016) Drivers of long-term biodiversity change - key Scottish habitats in a European context., In: Irvine, R.J. (ed.) Biodiversity and Upland Management. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Chapter 9, pp20-21.
- Britton, A.; Mitchell, R.; Taylor A. (2016) Cascading effects of nitrogen pollution on biodiversity and ecosystem function in alpine systems., In: Irvine, R.J. (ed.) Biodiversity and Upland Management. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Chapter 10, pp22-23.
- Mitchell, R.; Hewison, R.; Britton, A.; Pakeman, R.J.; Hester, A. (2016) Long-term changes in Scottish grassland plant communities., In: Pakeman, R.J. (ed.). Grassland Biodiversity. The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, pp4-5.
- Britton, A.J. (2008) The montane heathland lichen guide., Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen.
- Britton, A.; Fielding, D.; Pakeman, R. (2023) Nitrogen and climate: A review of the interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and climate change on Scottish semi-natural ecosystems, Zenodo
- Baggaley, N.; Britton, A.; Sandison, F.; Lilly, A.; Stutter, M.; Rees, R.M.; Reed, M.; Bukingham, S. (2022) Understanding carbon sequestration from nature-based solutions, ClimateXChange Report
- Bobbink, R.; Loran, C.; Tomassen, H.; Aazem, K.; Aherne, J.; Alonso, R.; Ashwood, F.; Augustin, S.; Bak, J.; Bakkestuen, V.; Braun, S.; Britton, A.; Brouwer, E.; Caporn, S.; Chuman, T.; De Wit, H.; De Witte, L.; Dirnböck, T.; Field, C.; García Gómez, H.; Geupel, M.; Velle, L. G.; Hiltbrunner, E.; James, A. C.; Jones, L.; Karlsson, P. E.; Kohli, L.; Manninen, S.; May, L.; Meier, R.; Perring, M.; Prescher, A.; Remke, E.; Roth, T.; Scheuschner, T.; Ssymank, A.; Stevens, C.; Thrane, J.; Tömmervik, H.; Tresch, S.; Ukonmaanaho, L.; Van den Berg, L.; Vanguelova, E.; Wilkins, K.; Zappala, S. (2022) Review and revision of empirical critical loads of nitrogen for Europe, German Environment Agency
- Baggaley, N.; Britton, A.; Barnes, A.; Buckingham, S.; Holland, J.; Lilly, A.; Pakeman, R.; Rees, B.; Taylor, A.; Yeluripati, J. (2021) Understanding carbon sequestration in upland habitats, Climate x Change Research Report
- Taylor, A.F.S.; Britton, A.J.; Stockan, J.A. (2021) Conservation translocation for ecosystem restoration., Report to NatureScot.
- Hester, A.J.; Aguado, S.; Britton, A.J. (2020) Analysing habitat patch size and connectivity at a national level for Scotland - data assessment part 2: HabMoS., James Hutton Institute, 29pp.
- Britton, A.J.; Ross, L.C. (2018) Towards the development of a nitrogen deposition decision framework for vegetation assessment in Scotland., Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No.958, 69pp.
- Britton, A.J. (2017) Suitability of large-scale data holdings for analysis of driver impacts on soil properties., Unpublished Report, The James Hutton Institute, September 2017, 11pp.
- Caporn, S.; Field, C.; Payne, R.; Dise, N.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.; Jones, L.; Phoenix, G.; Power, S.; Sheppard, L.; Stevens, C. (2016) Assessing the effects of small increments of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (above the critical load) on semi-natural habitats of conservation importance., Natural England Commissioned Reports Number 210.
- Jones, L.; Hall, J.; Strachan, I.; Field, C.; Rowe, E.; Stevens, C.J.; Capor, S.J.M.; Mitchell, R.; Britton, A.; Smith, R.; Bealey, B.; Masante, D.; Hewison, R.; Hicks, K. (2015) Developing a decision framework to attribute atmospheric nitrogen deposition as a threat to or cause of unfavourable habitat condition on protected sites 'AND-UP'. Final Report., JNCC Contract Report, February 2015
- Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Potts, J.M.; Genney, D.R. (2013) Development of a surveillance scheme for priority lichens in Scotland., Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No.567, 177pp.
- Rowe, E.C.; Jones, L.; Stevens, C.J.; Vieno, M.; Dore, A.J.; Hall, J.; Sutton, M.; Mills, G.; Evans, C.D.; Helliwell, R.C.; Britton, A.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Caporn, S.J.; Dise, N.B.; Field, C.; Emmett, B.A. (2013) Measures to evaluate benefits to UK semi-natural habitats of reductions in nitrogen deposition., Final Report on REBEND Project. Defra Tender Reference: AQ0823. CEH Project: NEC04307.
- Demars, B.O.L.; Britton, A.J. (2011) Assessing the impacts of small scale hydroelectric schemes on rare bryophytes and lichens., Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No 421, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness.
- Brooker, R.W.; Britton, A.J.; Gimona, A.; Lennon, J.J.; Littlewood, N.A. (2011) Literature review: species translocations as a tool for biodiversity conservation during climate change., Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No.440, Inverness.
- Emmett, B.; Ashmore, M.; Belyazid, S.; Britton, A.; Caporn, S.; Carroll, J.; Davies, O.; Dise, N.; Field, C.; Helliwell, R.C.; Henrys, P.; Hester, A.J.; Hughes, H.; Jones, L.; Kivimaki, S.; Leake, J.; Leith, I.; Maskell, R.; Mills, L.; Mizunuma, T.; Ostle, N.; Phoenix, G.; Pilkington, M.; Pitman, R.; Power, S.; Reynolds, B.; Rowe, E.; Scott, A.; Sheppard, L.; Smart, S.; Sowerby, A.; Tipping, E.; Vanguelova, E.; Vuohelainen, A.; Williams, B.L. (2010) Terrestrial Umbrella - Effects of eutrophication and acidification on terrestrial ecosystems. Annual Report 2010., Annual Contract Report to Defra.
- Emmett, B.; Ashmore, M.; Belyazid, S.; Britton, A.; Broadmeadow, M.; Caporn, S.; Davies, O.; Dise, N.; Field, C.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hester, A.J.; Hughes, S.; Leake, J.; Leith, I.; Maskell, L.; Mills, R.; Mizunuma, T.; Ostle, N.; Phoenix, G.; Power, S.; Reynolds, B.; Rowe, E.; Scott, A.; Sheppard, L.; Smart, S.; Sowerby, A.; Tipping, E.; Vanguelova, E.; Vuohelainen, A.;Williams, B.P. (2009) Terrestrial Umbrella - Effects of Eutrophication and Acidification on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Annual Report 2009., Annual Contract Report to DEFRA.
- Black, H.I.J.; Britton, A.J.; Helliwell, R.C.; Langan, S.J.; Taylor, A.F.S.; Booth P.D. (2009) To establish soil indicators to assess the impact of atmospheric deposition on environmentally senstive areas., Consultancy Service, SEPA.
- Emmett, B.; Cooper, J.R.; Ashmore, M.; Belyazid, S.; Britton, A.; Broadmeadow, M.; Caporn, S.; Carroll, J.; Davies, O.; Dise, N.; Field, C.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hester, A.J. Hughes, S.; Leake, J.; Leith, I.; Maskell, L.; Mills, R.; Mizunuma, T.; Ostle, N.; Phoenix, G.; Power, S.; Reynolds, B.; Rowe, E.; Scott, A.; Sheppard, L.; Smart, S.; Sowerby, A.; Tipping, E.; Vanguelova, E.; Vuohelainen, A. (2008) Terrestrial Umbrella - Effects of Eutrophication and Acidification on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Annual Report 2008., Annual Contract Report to DEFRA.
- Pakeman, R.J.; Beale, C.M.; Britton, A.J.; Brooker, R.W.; Iason, G.R.; Langan, S.J.; Littlewood, N.A; Westaway, S. (2008) Evaluation of UK Biodiversity Action plan revised targets for Scotland., Report to Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Britton, A.J.; Pakeman, R.J. (2008) Vegetation monitoring of Rum natura habitats., Final Report to Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Britton, A.J.; Pakeman, R.J. (2008) Vegetation monitoring of Rum natural habitats: final report., Contract Report to SNH.
- Emmett, B.A.; Williams, B.L.; Ashmore, M.; Britton, A.J.; Broadmeadow, M.; Bullock, J.; Cape, J.N.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.A.; Cresser, M.S.; Crossley, A.; de Lange, I.; Edmondson, J.; Evans, C.; Fowler, D.; Grant, H.; Green, E.R.; Green, S.; Griffiths, (2007) Terrestrial Umbrella Final Report, 2007., Report to NERC-DEFRA, Project Number C02613, Contract Number CPEA 18, July 2007.
- Emmett, B.A.; Williams, B.L.; Ashmore, M.; Britton, A.J.; Broadmeadow, M.; Bullock, J.; Cape, J.N.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.A.; Cresser, M.S.; Crossley, A.; de Lange, I.; Edmondson, J.; Evans, C.; Fowler, D.; Grant, H.; Gren, E.R.; Green, S.; Griffiths, (2006) Terrestrial Umbrella Annual Report 2006., Report to NERC-DEFRA, Project No. CO2613, July 2006, Contract No. CPEA 18, July 2006.
- Emmett, B.A.; Williams, B.L.; Ashmore, M.; Benham, S.; Britton, AJ..; Broadmeadow, M.; Caporn, S.J.M.; Carroll, J.; Cresser, M.; Cresswell, N.; Crossley, A.; Edmondson, J.; Grant, H.; Green, E.; Green, S.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hinton, C.; Hughes, S.; Jones, A.; Jones, M.; Leake, J.; Lee, J.; Leith, I.; Oakley, S.; Ostle, N.; Power, S.; Price, E.A.C.; Ray, N.; Reynolds, B.; Sheppard, L.; Smart, R.; Smart, S.; Sowerby, A.; Vanguelova, E.; Williams, D.; Wildig, J. (2005) Terrestrial Umbrella Annual Report, 2005., Contract Report to DEFRA, Project No. C02613, July 2005.
- Armitage, H.A.; Pearce, I.S.K.; Britton, A.J. (2005) The impact of grazing and nitrogen deposition on the condition of Racomitrium lanuginosum on the Carneddau Mountains, North Wales., Contract Report to Countryside Council for Wales, Final Report, February 2005, 45pp. Contract No. C00691NEW, FC 73-01-453.
- Pakeman, R.J.; Britton, A.J.; Palmer, S.; Clutton-Brock, T.; Blankers, M.; Crawley, M. (2004) Habitat restoration project - Rum National Nature Reserve. Project monitoring and site condition monitoring. Final Report, September 2004., Contract Report to Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Britton, A.J.; Pearce, I.S.K.P. (2004) Studies into the condition and conservation of montane heath and summit heath vegetation in Wales., Contract Report to Countryside Council for Wales. Contract no. FC 73-01-453
- Britton, A.J.; Gordon, I.J.; Pakeman, R.J.; Hester, A.J.; Elston, D.A.; Dennis, P. (2003) Design of research methodology to determine the impacts of grazing on lowland heathland., Contract Report to English Nature.
- Gordon, I.J.; Britton, A.J.; Crawley, M.; Palmer, S.; Bayfield, N.; Dennis, P.; Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Blankers, M. (2002) Report on habitat restoration project - Rum National Nature Reserve. Project monitoring and site condition 2001-2002., Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Britton, A.J.; Gordon, I.J.; Hester, A.J.; Robertson, E.; McKeen, M.; Common, G.; Palmer, S.C.F.; Marquiss, M. (2000) A grazing plan for Isle of Rum National Nature Reserve., Contract Report to Scottish Natural Heritage.
- Caporn, S.; Field, C.; Nise, N.; Payne, R.; Britton, A.J.; Emmett, B.; Helliwell, R.C.; Hughes, S.; Jones, L.; Lees, S.; Leith, I.; Shepherd, L.; Pheonix, G.; Power, S.; Southon, G.; Stevens, C. (2012) Pollution and climate influences on plant communities across UK peatlands., 14th International Peat Congress, Peatlands in Balance, Stockholm, Sweden, 3-8 June 2012. Extended abstract No 404, 6pp.
- Britton, A.J.; Hester, A.J.; Beale, C.; Hewison, R.L.; Towers, W. (2010) Drivers of biodiversity change in british alpine habitats., Global Change and the World's Mountains, Perth, Scotland, 26-30 September 2010.
- Britton, A.J. (2006) Effects of nitrogen addition and management on nutrient uptake and growth of dwarf shrubs in low-alpine heathland., British Ecological Society Annual Meeting, Oxford, 5-7 September 2006.
- Britton, A.J.; Fisher, J.M.; Baillie, G. (2005) The effects of nitrogen deposition on mountain vegetation: the importance of geology., In: Mountains of Northern Europe: Conservation, Management, People and Nature (eds. D.B.A. Thompson, M.F. Price and C.A. Galbraith). The Stationery Office Ltd., Edinburgh. pp121-126.
